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Friction welding Explosive welding Thermit welding Laser welding Electron beam welding. Presentation on theme: 'Special type of welding'— Presentation transcript: 1 Special type of. 28 Figure shows the principle and working of a laser beam welding. MAC(10) RESISTENCE WELDING. PPT – LASER BEAM MACHINING PowerPoint presentation free to download - id: 434088-MmFlO. The Adobe Flash plugin is needed to view this content. Get the plugin now. Download Share. Laser Beam Machining (LBM) - Laser beam can very easily be focused using optical lenses as their wavelength ranges from half micron to around 70 microns.

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Two photographs of a single hologram taken from different viewpoints Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. Typically, a hologram is a photographic recording of a, rather than of an formed by a, and it is used to display a fully image of the holographed subject, which is seen without the aid of. The hologram itself is not an image and is usually unintelligible when viewed under. It is an encoding of the light field as an pattern of seemingly random variations in the, or surface profile of the photographic medium. When suitably lit, the interference pattern the light into a reproduction of the original light field and the objects that were in it appear to still be there, exhibiting visual such as and that change realistically with any change in the relative position of the observer. In its pure form, holography requires the use of light for illuminating the subject and for viewing the finished hologram.

In a side-by-side comparison under optimal conditions, a holographic image is visually indistinguishable from the actual subject. A level of detail throughout the recorded volume of space can be reproduced. In common practice, however, major image quality compromises are made to eliminate the need for laser illumination when viewing the hologram, and sometimes, to the extent possible, also when making it. Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure, to avoid the hazardous high-powered otherwise needed to optically 'freeze' living subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires. Holograms can now also be entirely computer-generated to show objects or scenes that never existed. Holography is distinct from and other earlier 3D display technologies, which can produce superficially similar results but are based on conventional lens imaging.

Stage illusions such as and other unusual, baffling, or seemingly magical images are also often incorrectly called holograms. Horizontal symmetric text, by The development of the enabled the first practical optical holograms that recorded 3D objects to be made in 1962 by in the Soviet Union and by and at the, USA. Early holograms used photographic emulsions as the recording medium. They were not very efficient as the produced grating absorbed much of the incident light.

Various methods of converting the variation in transmission to a variation in refractive index (known as 'bleaching') were developed which enabled much more efficient holograms to be produced. Several types of holograms can be made.

Transmission holograms, such as those produced by Leith and Upatnieks, are viewed by shining laser light through them and looking at the reconstructed image from the side of the hologram opposite the source. A later refinement, the, allows more convenient illumination by white light rather than by lasers. Rainbow holograms are commonly used for security and authentication, for example, on credit cards and product packaging. Another kind of common hologram, the or Denisyuk hologram, can also be viewed using a white-light illumination source on the same side of the hologram as the viewer and is the type of hologram normally seen in holographic displays. They are also capable of multicolour-image reproduction.

Is a related technique for making three-dimensional images by controlling the motion of specularities on a two-dimensional surface. It works by reflectively or refractively manipulating bundles of light rays, whereas Gabor-style holography works by diffractively reconstructing wavefronts. Most holograms produced are of static objects but systems for displaying changing scenes on a holographic are now being developed. Holograms can also be used to store, retrieve, and process information optically. In its early days, holography required high-power expensive lasers, but nowadays, mass-produced low-cost semi-conductor or, such as those found in millions of and used in other common applications, can be used to make holograms and have made holography much more accessible to low-budget researchers, artists and dedicated hobbyists. It was thought that it would be possible to use X-rays to make holograms of very small objects and view them using visible light. Today, holograms with x-rays are generated by using or x-ray as radiation sources and pixelated detectors such as as recording medium.

The reconstruction is then retrieved via computation. Due to the shorter wavelength of compared to visible light, this approach allows imaging objects with higher spatial resolution. As can provide ultrashort and x-ray pulses in the range of which are intense and coherent, x-ray holography has been used to capture ultrafast dynamic processes. How it works. Close-up photograph of a hologram's surface.

The object in the hologram is a toy van. It is no more possible to discern the subject of a hologram from this pattern than it is to identify what music has been recorded by looking at a surface. Note that the hologram is described by the, rather than the 'wavy' line pattern. Holography is a technique that enables a light field (which is generally the product of a light source scattered off objects) to be recorded and later reconstructed when the original light field is no longer present, due to the absence of the original objects. Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to, whereby a sound field created by vibrating matter like or, is encoded in such a way that it can be reproduced later, without the presence of the original vibrating matter. Laser In laser holography, the hologram is recorded using a source of light, which is very pure in its color and orderly in its composition. Various setups may be used, and several types of holograms can be made, but all involve the interaction of light coming from different directions and producing a microscopic interference pattern which a, film, or other medium records.

In one common arrangement, the laser beam is split into two, one known as the and the other as the. The object beam is expanded by passing it through a lens and used to illuminate the subject. The recording medium is located where this light, after being reflected or scattered by the subject, will strike it.

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The edges of the medium will ultimately serve as a window through which the subject is seen, so its location is chosen with that in mind. The reference beam is expanded and made to shine directly on the medium, where it interacts with the light coming from the subject to create the desired interference pattern. Like conventional photography, holography requires an appropriate time to correctly affect the recording medium.

Unlike conventional photography, during the exposure the light source, the optical elements, the recording medium, and the subject must all remain perfectly motionless relative to each other, to within about a quarter of the wavelength of the light, or the interference pattern will be blurred and the hologram spoiled. With living subjects and some unstable materials, that is only possible if a very intense and extremely brief pulse of laser light is used, a hazardous procedure which is rare and rarely done outside of scientific and industrial laboratory settings. Exposures lasting several seconds to several minutes, using a much lower-powered continuously operating laser, are typical. Apparatus A hologram can be made by shining part of the light beam directly into the recording medium, and the other part onto the object in such a way that some of the scattered light falls onto the recording medium. A more flexible arrangement for recording a hologram requires the laser beam to be aimed through a series of elements that change it in different ways.

The first element is a that divides the beam into two identical beams, each aimed in different directions:. One beam (known as the illumination or object beam) is spread using and directed onto the scene using. Some of the light scattered (reflected) from the scene then falls onto the recording medium. The second beam (known as the reference beam) is also spread through the use of lenses, but is directed so that it doesn't come in contact with the scene, and instead travels directly onto the recording medium. Several different materials can be used as the recording medium.

One of the most common is a film very similar to ( ), but with a much higher concentration of light-reactive grains, making it capable of the much higher that holograms require. A layer of this recording medium (e.g., silver halide) is attached to a transparent substrate, which is commonly glass, but may also be plastic.

Process When the two laser beams reach the recording medium, their light waves intersect and with each other. It is this interference pattern that is imprinted on the recording medium. The pattern itself is seemingly random, as it represents the way in which the scene's light interfered with the original light source — but not the original light source itself. The interference pattern can be considered an version of the scene, requiring a particular key — the original light source — in order to view its contents. This missing key is provided later by shining a laser, identical to the one used to record the hologram, onto the developed film. When this beam illuminates the hologram, it is by the hologram's surface pattern.

This produces a light field identical to the one originally produced by the scene and scattered onto the hologram. Photography Holography may be better understood via an examination of its differences from ordinary:.

A hologram represents a recording of information regarding the light that came from the original scene as scattered in a range of directions rather than from only one direction, as in a photograph. This allows the scene to be viewed from a range of different angles, as if it were still present. A photograph can be recorded using normal light sources (sunlight or electric lighting) whereas a laser is required to record a hologram. A lens is required in photography to record the image, whereas in holography, the light from the object is scattered directly onto the recording medium. A holographic recording requires a second light beam (the reference beam) to be directed onto the recording medium. A photograph can be viewed in a wide range of lighting conditions, whereas holograms can only be viewed with very specific forms of illumination. When a photograph is cut in half, each piece shows half of the scene.

When a hologram is cut in half, the whole scene can still be seen in each piece. This is because, whereas each point in a only represents light scattered from a single point in the scene, each point on a holographic recording includes information about light scattered from every point in the scene. It can be thought of as viewing a street outside a house through a 120 cm × 120 cm (4 ft × 4 ft) window, then through a 60 cm × 120 cm (2 ft × 4 ft) window. One can see all of the same things through the smaller window (by moving the head to change the viewing angle), but the viewer can see more at once through the 120 cm (4 ft) window. A photograph is a two-dimensional representation that can only reproduce a rudimentary three-dimensional effect, whereas the reproduced viewing range of a hologram adds many more that were present in the original scene. These cues are recognized by the and translated into the same perception of a three-dimensional image as when the original scene might have been viewed.

A photograph clearly maps out the light field of the original scene. The developed hologram's surface consists of a very fine, seemingly random pattern, which appears to bear no relationship to the scene it recorded. Physics of holography For a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to understand. Interference occurs when one or more are superimposed.

Occurs when a wavefront encounters an object. The process of producing a holographic reconstruction is explained below purely in terms of interference and diffraction. It is somewhat simplified, but is accurate enough to give an understanding of how the holographic process works. For those unfamiliar with these concepts, it is worth while to read those articles before reading further in this article. Plane wavefronts A is a structure with a repeating pattern. A simple example is a metal plate with slits cut at regular intervals.

A light wave that is incident on a grating is split into several waves; the direction of these diffracted waves is determined by the grating spacing and the wavelength of the light. A simple hologram can be made by superimposing two from the same light source on a holographic recording medium. The two waves interfere, giving a whose intensity varies sinusoidally across the medium. The spacing of the fringe pattern is determined by the angle between the two waves, and by the wavelength of the light.

The recorded light pattern is a diffraction grating. When it is illuminated by only one of the waves used to create it, it can be shown that one of the diffracted waves emerges at the same angle as that at which the second wave was originally incident, so that the second wave has been 'reconstructed'.

Thus, the recorded light pattern is a holographic recording as defined above. Point sources. Holographic self-portrait, exhibited at the National Polytechnic Museum, Sofia When the hologram plate is illuminated by a laser beam identical to the reference beam which was used to record the hologram, an exact reconstruction of the original object wavefront is obtained.

An imaging system (an eye or a camera) located in the reconstructed beam 'sees' exactly the same scene as it would have done when viewing the original. When the lens is moved, the image changes in the same way as it would have done when the object was in place. If several objects were present when the hologram was recorded, the reconstructed objects move relative to one another, i.e. Exhibit, in the same way as the original objects would have done. It was very common in the early days of holography to use a chess board as the object and then take photographs at several different angles using the reconstructed light to show how the relative positions of the chess pieces appeared to change. A holographic image can also be obtained using a different laser beam configuration to the original recording object beam, but the reconstructed image will not match the original exactly.

When a laser is used to reconstruct the hologram, the image is just as the original image will have been. This can be a major drawback in viewing a hologram. White light consists of light of a wide range of wavelengths. Normally, if a hologram is illuminated by a white light source, each wavelength can be considered to generate its own holographic reconstruction, and these will vary in size, angle, and distance.

These will be superimposed, and the summed image will wipe out any information about the original scene, as if superimposing a set of photographs of the same object of different sizes and orientations. However, a holographic image can be obtained using in specific circumstances, e.g. With volume holograms and rainbow holograms. The white light source used to view these holograms should always approximate to a point source, i.e.

A spot light or the sun. An extended source (e.g.

A fluorescent lamp) will not reconstruct a hologram since its light is incident at each point at a wide range of angles, giving multiple reconstructions which will 'wipe' one another out. White light reconstructions do not contain speckles.

Volume holograms. Main article: A reflection-type volume hologram can give an acceptably clear reconstructed image using a white light source, as the hologram structure itself effectively filters out light of wavelengths outside a relatively narrow range. In theory, the result should be an image of approximately the same colour as the laser light used to make the hologram. In practice, with recording media that require chemical processing, there is typically a compaction of the structure due to the processing and a consequent colour shift to a shorter wavelength. Such a hologram recorded in a silver halide gelatin emulsion by red laser light will usually display a green image. Deliberate temporary alteration of the emulsion thickness before exposure, or permanent alteration after processing, has been used by artists to produce unusual colours and multicoloured effects. Rainbow holograms.

Rainbow hologram showing the change in colour in the vertical direction In this method, parallax in the vertical plane is sacrificed to allow a bright, well-defined, reconstructed image to be obtained using white light. The rainbow holography recording process usually begins with a standard transmission hologram and copies it using a horizontal slit to eliminate vertical in the output image. The viewer is therefore effectively viewing the holographic image through a narrow horizontal slit, but the slit has been expanded into a window by the same that would otherwise smear the entire image. Horizontal parallax information is preserved but movement in the vertical direction results in a color shift rather than altered vertical perspective. Because perspective effects are reproduced along one axis only, the subject will appear variously stretched or squashed when the hologram is not viewed at an optimum distance; this distortion may go unnoticed when there is not much depth, but can be severe when the distance of the subject from the plane of the hologram is very substantial. And horizontal motion parallax, two relatively powerful cues to depth, are preserved.

The holograms found on are examples of rainbow holograms. These are technically transmission holograms mounted onto a reflective surface like a substrate commonly known as. Fidelity of the reconstructed beam. Main article: Holography can be put to a variety of uses other than recording images. Is a technique that can store information at high density inside crystals or photopolymers. The ability to store large amounts of information in some kind of medium is of great importance, as many electronic products incorporate storage devices.

As current storage techniques such as reach the limit of possible data density (due to the -limited size of the writing beams), holographic storage has the potential to become the next generation of popular storage media. The advantage of this type of data storage is that the volume of the recording media is used instead of just the surface. Currently available can produce about 1000 different images a second at 1024×1024-bit resolution. With the right type of medium (probably polymers rather than something like ), this would result in about one- writing speed.

Read speeds can surpass this, and experts believe one- readout is possible. In 2005, companies such as and produced a 120mm disc that uses a holographic layer to store data to a potential 3.9, a format called. As of September 2014, no commercial product has been released. Another company, was developing a competing format, but went bankrupt in 2011 and all its assets were sold to Akonia Holographics, LLC. While many holographic data storage models have used 'page-based' storage, where each recorded hologram holds a large amount of data, more recent research into using submicrometre-sized 'microholograms' has resulted in several potential solutions. While this approach to data storage can not attain the high data rates of page-based storage, the tolerances, technological hurdles, and cost of producing a commercial product are significantly lower.

Dynamic holography In static holography, recording, developing and reconstructing occur sequentially, and a permanent hologram is produced. There also exist holographic materials that do not need the developing process and can record a hologram in a very short time. This allows one to use holography to perform some simple operations in an all-optical way. Examples of applications of such real-time holograms include ('time-reversal' of light), optical cache memories, (pattern recognition of time-varying images),. The amount of processed information can be very high (terabits/s), since the operation is performed in parallel on a whole image.

This compensates for the fact that the recording time, which is in the order of a, is still very long compared to the processing time of an electronic computer. The optical processing performed by a dynamic hologram is also much less flexible than electronic processing. On one side, one has to perform the operation always on the whole image, and on the other side, the operation a hologram can perform is basically either a multiplication or a phase conjugation. In optics, addition and are already easily performed in linear materials, the latter simply by a lens. This enables some applications, such as a device that compares images in an optical way. The search for novel for dynamic holography is an active area of research. The most common materials are, but in or (such as ), atomic vapors and gases, and even liquids, it was possible to generate holograms.

A particularly promising application is. It allows the removal of the wavefront distortions a light beam receives when passing through an aberrating medium, by sending it back through the same aberrating medium with a conjugated phase.

This is useful, for example, in free-space optical communications to compensate for atmospheric turbulence (the phenomenon that gives rise to the twinkling of starlight). Hobbyist use. Peace Within Reach, a Denisyuk DCG hologram by amateur Dave Battin Since the beginning of holography, amateur experimenters have explored its uses. In 1971, opened the San Francisco School of Holography and taught amateurs how to make holograms using only a small (typically 5 mW) and inexpensive home-made equipment.

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Holography had been supposed to require a very expensive metal set-up to lock all the involved elements down in place and damp any vibrations that could blur the interference fringes and ruin the hologram. Cross's home-brew alternative was a made of a retaining wall on a plywood base, supported on stacks of old tires to isolate it from ground vibrations, and filled with sand that had been washed to remove dust. The laser was securely mounted atop the cinder block wall. The mirrors and simple lenses needed for directing, splitting and expanding the laser beam were affixed to short lengths of PVC pipe, which were stuck into the sand at the desired locations. The subject and the holder were similarly supported within the sandbox. The holographer turned off the room light, blocked the laser beam near its source using a small -controlled shutter, loaded a plate into the holder in the dark, left the room, waited a few minutes to let everything settle, then made the exposure by remotely operating the laser shutter. Many of these holographers would go on to produce art holograms.

In 1983, Fred Unterseher, a co-founder of the San Francisco School of Holography and a well-known holographic artist, published the Holography Handbook, an easy-to-read guide to making holograms at home. This brought in a new wave of holographers and provided simple methods for using the then-available AGFA recording materials. In 2000, published the Shoebox Holography Book and introduced the use of inexpensive to countless. For many years, it had been assumed that certain characteristics of semiconductor made them virtually useless for creating holograms, but when they were eventually put to the test of practical experiment, it was found that not only was this untrue, but that some actually provided a much greater than that of traditional helium-neon gas lasers. This was a very important development for amateurs, as the price of red laser diodes had dropped from hundreds of dollars in the early 1980s to about $5 after they entered the mass market as a component of players in the late 1990s. Now, there are thousands of amateur holographers worldwide.

By late 2000, holography kits with inexpensive laser pointer diodes entered the mainstream consumer market. These kits enabled students, teachers, and hobbyists to make several kinds of holograms without specialized equipment, and became popular gift items by 2005. The introduction of holography kits with self-developing in 2003 made it possible for hobbyists to create holograms without the bother of wet chemical processing. In 2006, a large number of surplus holography-quality green lasers (Coherent C315) became available and put dichromated gelatin (DCG) holography within the reach of the amateur holographer.

The holography community was surprised at the amazing sensitivity of DCG to green. It had been assumed that this sensitivity would be uselessly slight or non-existent. Jeff Blyth responded with the G307 formulation of DCG to increase the speed and sensitivity to these new lasers. Kodak and Agfa, the former major suppliers of holography-quality silver halide plates and films, are no longer in the market.

While other manufacturers have helped fill the void, many amateurs are now making their own materials. The favorite formulations are dichromated gelatin, Methylene-Blue-sensitised dichromated gelatin, and diffusion method silver halide preparations. Jeff Blyth has published very accurate methods for making these in a small lab or garage.

A small group of amateurs are even constructing their own pulsed lasers to make holograms of living subjects and other unsteady or moving objects. Holographic interferometry. Main article: Holographic interferometry (HI) is a technique that enables static and dynamic displacements of objects with optically rough surfaces to be measured to optical interferometric precision (i.e. To fractions of a wavelength of light). It can also be used to detect optical-path-length variations in transparent media, which enables, for example, fluid flow to be visualized and analyzed.

It can also be used to generate contours representing the form of the surface or the isodose regions in radiation dosimetry. It has been widely used to measure stress, strain, and vibration in engineering structures. Interferometric microscopy. Main article: The hologram keeps the information on the amplitude and phase of the field. Several holograms may keep information about the same distribution of light, emitted to various directions. The numerical analysis of such holograms allows one to emulate large, which, in turn, enables enhancement of the resolution of. The corresponding technique is called.

Recent achievements of interferometric microscopy allow one to approach the quarter-wavelength limit of resolution. Sensors or biosensors. Identigram as a security element in a German identity card Security holograms are very difficult to forge, because they are from a master hologram that requires expensive, specialized and technologically advanced equipment. They are used widely in many, such as the 20, 50, and 100-reais notes; 5, 10, and 20-pound notes; 5000, 10,000, and 50,000-won notes; 5000 and 10,000 yen notes, 50,100,500, and 2000 rupee notes; and all the currently-circulating banknotes of the,. They can also be found in credit and bank cards as well as, ID cards,.

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Covertly storing information within a full colour image hologram was achieved in Canada, in 2008, at the UHR lab. The method used a fourth wavelength, aside from the RGB components of the object and reference beams, to record additional data, which could be retrieved only with the correct key combination of wavelength and angle.

This technique remained in the prototype stage and was never developed for commercial applications. Other applications Holographic scanners are in use in post offices, larger shipping firms, and automated conveyor systems to determine the three-dimensional size of a package. They are often used in tandem with to allow automated pre-packing of given volumes, such as a truck or pallet for bulk shipment of goods. Holograms produced in elastomers can be used as stress-strain reporters due to its elasticity and compressibility, the pressure and force applied are correlated to the reflected wavelength, therefore its color. Industry These are the hologram adhesive strips that provide protection against counterfeiting and duplication of products. These protective strips can be used on FMCG products like cards, medicines, food, audio-visual products etc. Hologram protection strips can be directly laminated on the product covering.

Electrical and electronic products Hologram tags have an excellent ability to inspect an identical product. These kind of tags are more often used for protecting duplication of electrical and electronic products. These tags are available in a variety colors, sizes and shapes. Hologram dockets for vehicle number plate Some vehicle number plates on bikes or cars have registered hologram stickers which indicate authenticity. For the purpose of identification they have unique ID numbers.

High security holograms for credit cards. Hologram stickers engraved on credit cards. These are holograms with high security features like micro texts, nano texts, complex images, logos and a multitude of other features. Holograms once affixed on Debit cards/passports cannot be removed easily. They offer an individual identity to a brand along with its protection.

Non-optical In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any. Is the application of holography techniques to electron waves rather than light waves. Electron holography was invented by Dennis Gabor to improve the resolution and avoid the aberrations of the. Today it is commonly used to study electric and magnetic fields in thin films, as magnetic and electric fields can shift the phase of the interfering wave passing through the sample.

The principle of electron holography can also be applied to. Is a method used to estimate the sound field near a source by measuring acoustic parameters away from the source via an array of pressure and/or particle velocity transducers. Measuring techniques included within acoustic holography are becoming increasingly popular in various fields, most notably those of transportation, vehicle and aircraft design, and NVH.

The general idea of acoustic holography has led to different versions such as near-field acoustic holography (NAH) and statistically optimal near-field acoustic holography (SONAH). For audio rendition, the wave field synthesis is the most related procedure. Atomic holography has evolved out of the development of the basic elements of.

With the Fresnel diffraction lens and atomic holography follows a natural step in the development of the physics (and applications) of atomic beams. Recent developments including and especially have provided the tools necessary for the creation of atomic holograms, although such holograms have not yet been commercialized. Beam holography has been used to see the inside of solid objects. False holograms Effects produced by, the illusion (or modern variants such as the ), and are often confused with holograms. Such illusions have been called 'fauxlography'. Pepper's ghost with a 2D video.

The video image displayed on the floor is reflected in an angled sheet of glass. The Pepper's ghost technique, being the easiest to implement of these methods, is most prevalent in 3D displays that claim to be (or are referred to as) 'holographic'. While the original illusion, used in theater, involved actual physical objects and persons, located offstage, modern variants replace the source object with a digital screen, which displays imagery generated with to provide the necessary. The reflection, which seems to float mid-air, is still flat, however, thus less realistic than if an actual 3D object was being reflected. Examples of this digital version of Pepper's ghost illusion include the performances in the and the; and 's virtual performance at in 2012, rapping alongside during his set with. An even simpler illusion can be created by realistic images into semi-transparent screens. The rear projection is necessary because otherwise the semi-transparency of the screen would allow the background to be illuminated by the projection, which would break the illusion., a music software company that produced, one of many singing synthesizer applications, has produced concerts that have Miku, along with other Crypton Vocaloids, performing on stage as 'holographic' characters.

These concerts use rear projection onto a semi-transparent DILAD screen to achieve its 'holographic' effect. In 2011, in Beijing, apparel company produced the 'Burberry Prorsum Autumn/Winter 2011 Hologram Runway Show', which included life size 2-D projections of models. The company's own video shows several centered and off-center shots of the main 2-dimensional projection screen, the latter revealing the flatness of the virtual models. The claim that holography was used was reported as fact in the trade media.

In, on 10 April 2015, a public visual presentation called 'Hologramas por la Libertad' (Holograms for Liberty), featuring a ghostly virtual crowd of demonstrators, was used to protest a new Spanish law that prohibits citizens from demonstrating in public places. Although widely called a 'hologram protest' in news reports, no actual holography was involved — it was yet another technologically updated variant of the illusion. In fiction.

Main article: Holography has been widely referred to in movies, novels, and TV, usually in, starting in the late 1970s. Science fiction writers absorbed the surrounding holography that had been spread by overly-enthusiastic scientists and entrepreneurs trying to market the idea. This had the effect of giving the public overly high expectations of the capability of holography, due to the unrealistic depictions of it in most fiction, where they are fully three-dimensional computer projections that are sometimes tactile through the use of. Examples of this type of depiction include the hologram of in, from, who was later converted to 'hard light' to make him solid, and the and from. Video games have used fictional holographic technology that reflected real life misrepresentations of potential military use of holograms, such as the 'mirage tanks' in that can disguise themselves as trees.

Holographic decoys are used in games such as. Fictional depictions of holograms have, however, inspired technological advances in other fields, such as, that promise to fulfill the fictional depictions of holograms by other means.

See also. Lasers and holography: an introduction to coherent optics W.

Kock, Dover Publications (1981),. Principles of holography H. Smith, Wiley (1976),. G. Berger et al., Digital Data Storage in a phase-encoded holographic memory system: data quality and security, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol.

4988, p. 104–111 (2003). Holographic Visions: A History of New Science Sean F. Johnston, Oxford University Press (2006),. Saxby, Graham (2003).

Practical Holography, Third Edition. Taylor and Francis. Three-Dimensional Imaging Techniques Takanori Okoshi, Atara Press (2011),. Holographic Microscopy of Phase Microscopic Objects: Theory and Practice Tatyana Tishko, Tishko Dmitry, Titar Vladimir, World Scientific (2010),. Martin J. Richardson, John D.

Wiltshire, eds. The Hologram: Principles and Techniques. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. by QED.